Chapter 4 Study Guide

Chapter 4 Notes:

Listening is the most frequently engaged in form of communication.

Listening objectives:
relational development and enhancement: directly or indirectly
gaining and comprehending information
critical listening: accuracy, details, clarity
enjoyment and appreciation: (music)
therapeutic: empathy, support
What objective resonates with you most? Why? (85-88)
Listening process:
hearing: passive, listening: active
receiving: physical reception
attending: focus on message
interpreting: assign meaning (multiple senses)
responding: reaction
What are the senses involved with listening, specifically interpreting? (90)

Engaged: making a personal connection with the source through mutual effort to attain deep level of communication (transactional), Relational: recognizing, understanding and addressing the interconnection of relationships and comm.
Disengaged listening: non participatory interaction
What are the instances that we are disengaged listeners? What might prompt this? (91-92)

Listening Obstacles: ineffective communication
environmental distractions: physical attributes
medium distractions: the technical barriers
source distractions: auditory or sensory issues of the source
factual diversion: too much attention to detail, lose main idea
semantic diversion: unfamiliar or negative content deters attention
content (representational) listening: literal listening
selective listening: focus on content that you prefer
egocentric listening: focusing on ourselves in an interaction rather than respondent
wandering thought: daydreaming
experiental superiority: close off listening due to feeling of superiority or prior possession of same content
status of the other: when rank, reputation or social status deters attention to their message
past experience with other: previous experiences affect listening
message complexity: too much information
Could this section be considered message complexity? How or why? (95-99)




Critical listening: process of analyzing and evaluating the accuracy, legitimacy, and value of messages
Elements: evaluations
plausability (legitimacy)
source (credibility, relevance)
argument (consistency- internally compliant, appropriately supported, adequately supported)
evidence (verifiability)
How often do we use these evaluations? When do we? Why do we? (100-104)

Fallacious Arguments: appear legitimate, but are faulty in reasoning and evidence
against the source: personal attack (ad hominen)
appeal to authority: using authority, credibility, or celebrity as support (spokesperson)
appeal to people – bandwagon: something is good because everyone agrees or uses it (public opinion)
appeal to relationships: definitions of relationships define expectations of behavior (roles, types)
Post hoc ergo propter hoc: cause and effect (premise- conclusion)
Cum hoc ergo propter hoc: simultaneous action determines coincidental action (superstition)
hasty generalizations: basing conclusions on single occurrences
red herring: diverting attention with another issue
false alternatives: when two options are presented, neither of which are accurate or appealing
composition and division fallacies: parts are same as whole (representative)
division fallacy: whole is the same as the parts
equivocation: ambiguous language usage
What are some examples of composition and division fallacies? Cum hoc ergo propter hoc? (109/106)